Nutrition deficiencies

Very low sensitivity, symptoms usually do not occur, plants absorb sufficient amounts from soil/substrate
Low sensitivity, symptoms of deficiency are rare, usually in latent form
Moderately high sensitivity, plant reaction is clearly visible, but symptoms are rarely observed
High sensitivity, the reaction of plants is very strong, and the symptoms of deficiency are visible

What happens when a plant cannot obtain everything it needs to live?

Then everything is not like it should be, and each of the processes that should occur in the plant is somehow disturbed, and certainly slowed down. If wheat, rapeseed or potato is to yield well, then certainly nutrients must be in abundance.

Waiting for deficit symptoms is a mistake. This is because plants show nutrition deficiencies at a very late stage. Before leaves begin to discolour, deform or shoots exhibit dwarfism, yield reduction occurs

The table presents the levels of plant sensitivity to nutrient deficiencies, determined on the basis of analysis of various scientific sources.

It should be remembered that plants first show a latent deficiency of a macro or micronutrient, which can even lead to a reduction of yield by 30–50%, and at the moment of a very strong intensification of the deficit, symptoms can be seen on the crop. Before you can see the symptoms in the field, the yield has already been
reduced.

Therefore, nutrients should always be applied in a preventive manner! Waiting for visual signs of deficiency in plants is an agrotechnical error.

What are the deficiencies of individual nutrients in crops?

Descriptions of symptoms of micronutrient deficiency in plants have been developed on the basis of a scientific publication entitled: “Fizjologia roślin” edited by Jan Kopcewicz and Stanisław Lewak.

Signs of boron deficiency:
  • Dieback of growth cones, dwarfing of plants
  • Deformation of leaves, siliquae, shoots
  • Cracking stems and leaves
  • Problems with plant lodging
  • Higher sensitivity to low temperatures
  • Low-intensity flowering or inhibition of flowering
  • Soft tissues (which facilitates pest feeding)
  • In sugar beet, characteristic curling and browning of the youngest leaves, called cordate leaves; in later stages of development, dry rot of roots
Symptoms of copper deficiency:
  • Limited growth of new leaves / dwarfing of plants
  • Deformed or wrinkled leaves, with characteristic tip twist
  • Difficult development of the flag leaf (blocking it in the leaf sheath)
  • Poor plant vigour
  • Bright and empty ears, poorly feed grain with a low weight of a thousand seeds
  • Fine cereal grain
  • Shedding of siliquae, pods
  • Greater disease infection rate
Signs of manganese deficiency:
  • Limited plant growth
  • Bright discolouration on leaves
  • Necrosis of the edges of older leaves (starting from the tip)
Signs of zinc deficiency:
  • Weak root system
  • Poor plant tillering
  • Shortening the length of the internode (plant
    dwarfing)
  • Parallel, bright stripes along the main vein of
    younger leaves
  • Poorly grained cobs, ears
Symptoms of iron deficiency:
  • Bright discolouration of leaves
  • Chlorosis of young leaves (veins remain green)
  • Plant dwarfing
Symptoms of molybdenum deficiency:
  • Chlorosis of older leaves
  • Yellowing of leaves
  • Flowering inhibition
  • Leaves curling on the edges
Symptoms of deficiency are very difficult to identify unequivocally because all nutrients are interrelated. In this situation, a deficiency of, e.g. manganese also means a deficit of nitrogen and phosphorus, whose symptoms will overlap.

The preventive application of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus or sulphur is a standard. No one waits until they will see nitrogen hunger in the field. Everyone tries to prevent such a situation..

The same should be done with micronutrients that are given in a preventive manner. Interventional use should occur only in exceptional situations, such as noticing symptoms of deficiency.

What is actually wrong with plants?

It is often the case that when you see discolouration or plant deformations in the field, you look for an explanation of what that might mean. Scientists have created a cheat sheet that is ver y helpful in such situations.

Only a professional laboratory test will give you 100% certainty about what is in deficit in your plants. However, using the above graph and analysing the applied fertilisation technology and soil, you can often manage to unravel the puzzle.